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Introduction:Alcohol is the most commonly abused drug worldwide causing liver injury. There is high prevalence of alcohol use in the society particularly in the developed and developing nations. Alcohol affects all systems ranging from central nervous system, cardio-vascular system and genitourinary system. The World Health Organization estimates that there are 140 million people with alcoholism worldwide. In this study, we have focused on alcoholic hepatitis among the Garhwali population of Uttarakhand.Materials & Methods:The study was carried out upon 680 Garhwali subjects, of which 124 patients were suffering from alcoholic hepatitis at the hepatology clinic, during the period from January 2015 to December 2018 at H.N.B. Govt. Base Hospital of Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali Govt. Medical Science & Research Institute, Srinagar, Uttarakhand. Medical laboratory tests and statistical tools were applied.Results:Out of 680 subjects, incidence of alcoholic hepatitis was found 124 (18.2%) cases in this study. There was occurrence of alcoholic hepatitis only among the males and was found highest in the age group between 40-50 years, 69.4% belong to urban class while 30.6% belong to rural class society. It was also found that the incidence of alcoholic hepatitis was highest in the district of Pauri, followed by in the district of Chamoli, Uttarkashi and Tehri in the Garhwal region of Uttarakhand.Discussion/Conclusion:Increase incidence of alcoholic hepatitis seen among the male was mainly due to addiction of alcohol and increased socio-economic conditions of this region. Nowadays, consuming alcohol has also became a symbol of status in the society. We also found that the incidence of alcoholic hepatitis was increasing year after year from 8.9% in 2015 to 45.1% in the year 2018, was really a matter of concern. Mortality and morbidity associated with this disease is matter of serious economic loss to the nation and grief for the society.
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Presence of supernumerary renal artery (accessory renal artery) is the most common anatomical variation of renal arterial systemand is seen with varying frequencies among different ethnic and racial groups. Prior knowledge of these variations is of great surgical importance as it influences the selection of donor kidney, partial nephrectomy and other urological procedures. Aim of the present study was to observe the prevalence of accessory renal artery (ARA) and their distribution pattern with relation to gender and side in adultNorth Indian population. One hundred normal healthy adult (16 males and 84 females; mean age of 43.5±10.42 years) who were prospective voluntary kidney donors underwent MDCTand CTangiography evaluation for the presence of accessory renal artery. Accessory renal artery (ARA) was present in 25.0% kidneys. The prevalence of accessory renal arteries in males and females was similar (25.0%) respectively. On the right side the prevalence of accessory renal artery was 26.0% and on left side it was 24.0%. In males 25% kidneys had unilateral single accessory renal artery. In females 14.3% of left kidneys and 16.7% of right kidneys had a single unilateral accessory renal artery. In 9.5% femalesubjects bilateral accessory renal arteries were present in the kidneys. The prevalence of accessory renal artery in our North Indian population was 25.0%, which is similar to studies from other Asian countries. The distribution pattern was not affected by gender and side. These findings need further validation in a larger cohort of subjects.
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Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a condition that was first described in the 1950s. It is caused as a result of addiction to harmful areca nut products with or without tobacco. The rationale of using exfoliative cytology in our study lies in the epithelial physiology where continuous exfoliation of epithelial cells is a part of physiological turnover. Deeper cells, which are strongly adhered in normal conditions, become loose in the case of malignancy and exfoliate along with superficial cells. Our aim in this study was to compare the cellular changes such as formation of micronuclei within the cell and cytomorphometric analysis of the buccal mucosal cells of OSMF patients with that of normal controls. We identified thirty three such cases of OSMF on the basis of oral inspection and examination. We used exfoliative cytology and liquid based cytogy to obtain buccal cells. The smear thus prepared was stained with feulgan fast green, acridine orange and papanicolou. Micronuclei were identified and cytomorphometric analysis was done using Adelta software. There was a change in the hue of Papanicolou from pink to purplish indicating the degree of keratinization from normal cells to cells affected by OSMF. Acridine orange gave a green emission at wavelength 480-490 to normal cells, while it gave a bright red fluorescence in cells undergoing apoptosis. Mean cellular diameter decreased from normalcells affected oral lesions. Mean nuclear cytoplasmic ratio increased from normal-cells to those affected by oral lesions. Frequency of micronuclei increased from normal to the cells affected by oral lesions. Buccal cell mutations in premalignant and malignant lesions can serve as a useful tool for the bio-monitoring of oral lesions. Exfoliative Cytology being minimally invasive and cost effective can help in mass screening programmes
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Introduction: Exfoliated buccal epithelial cells serve as an ideal site for an assessment of genotoxic events. Exfoliative cytology is economical and minimally invasive, its specificity and sensitivity of over 95% makes it an ideal diagnostic tool for mass screening purposes. An assessment of micronuclei in buccal epithelial cells gives a fair idea about the genotoxic events occurring in the oral cavity. Subjects and Methods: A case controlled study was performed on 300 participants. The participants were divided into four broad categories according to their pattern of consumption of smokeless tobacco. Thereafter they were subdivided in to various age groups. The distribution was done equally with 60 participants in each broad category. Results: The results in our study show that young adults consume the packaged form of smokeless tobacco while adults above 50 consumed tobacco leaves. Oral lesions were more common in young adults. Cellular alterations in the form of micronuclei were observed to have progressively increased from the control group to tobacco to gutkha users and the frequency of micronuclei was found to be highest in the oral lesions group. Conclusion: Certain lifestyle factors, such as consumption of smokeless tobacco are one of the major factors causing oral lesions. Frequency of micronuclei was assessed in exfoliated buccal epithelial cells. Maximum number of micronuclei was found in the oral lesion group. The age group with maximum cellular alterations was between 30-40 years. Hence we conclude that an assessment of micronuclei can be used as a biomarker for mass screening purposes since it is economical and a non- invasive procedure.
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Aims and Objective: In 70% of normal population, each kidney is applied by a single renal artery. Renal arteriesare known to present with wide range of anatomic variations. These variations are frequently related to thenumber of renal arteries, level of origin, length, diameter and branching pattern. Renal transplantation is theonly curative option for end stage renal disease. Laparoscopic donor nephrectomy has become the preferredtechnique in renal transplant programs. The transplant surgeon requires at least 2 cm of renal artery lengthbefore hilar branching and diameter of 3 mm to ensure adequate vascular anastomosis. Therefore, a priorknowledge of number of renal arteries, the length and diameter of renal artery and branching pattern has becomeessential for renal transplant surgeons.Material and Methods: One hundred prospective healthy voluntary kidney donors (16 males and 84 females;mean age of 43.5±10.42 years), were evaluated for the renal artery anatomy by MDCT and CT angiography as partof preoperative assessment prior to donor nephrectomy. The number, level of origin, the diameter and length ofrenal artery on either side was recorded.Results: Single renal artery was present in 75.5% kidneys. The right MRA originated from aorta at the level of L1vertebra in 78% cases and left MRA originated from aorta at lower level( L2 vertebra) in 47% of cases.The meanlength of left and right renal artery was 26.2±10.6 mm and 29.6±12.8 mm respectively; mean diameter was5.8±1.2 mm and 5.2±1.0 mm respectively. The difference between length and diameter of both sides was statisticallysignificant. The mean diameter of left MRA was 5.8±1.2 mm and right MRA 5.2±1.0 mm and difference wasstatistically significant (p=0.001). Both in males and females the mean diameter of left MRA was more than thatof right MRA.Conclusion: In the present study it was observed that single renal artery was present in 75.5% kidneys. The rightMRA originated from aorta at a higher level compared to left MRA. The left renal artery was shorter and widerthan right renal artery. In 22.5% cases the length of renal artery was less than 2.0 cm.
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Salivary diagnostics is a cost effective, minimally invasive procedure. This bio-fluid can be easily collected, transported and stored. There are a variety of conditions where saliva can be used as a diagnostic tool such as measurement of stress, enzyme levels, developmental disease biomarkers and cancer mutations. A number of studies have focused their attention on the assessment and monitoring of oncologic biomarkers in saliva. Modern techniques, chemicals and various equipment have made laboratory investigations of saliva easy and precise. Its clinical applications and analysis has made salivary diagnostics a useful tool in the field of Medicine and Dentistry. The methodology for diagnosis of oral and systemic diseases has been a subject of study by several researchers with the aim of increasing its use as a diagnostic tool.